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Housing quality and affordability are well established as social determinants of health through direct and indirect mechanisms. Respiratory illnesses related to housing are nearly all the result of housing disrepair that allows intrusion into the home of environmental agents that are directly or indirectly associated with disease. Structural deficiencies such as leaks, cracks in the foundation or holes in the home's exterior can facilitate the presence of mould, which is causally linked to the development of asthma and is associated with exacerbation of asthma symptoms in children and adults. Indoor cleanliness can also contribute to the presence of mice and cockroaches. Proper ventilation can improve air quality, reducing exposure to PM, VOCs and infectious respiratory agents. Disparities in exposure to the housing conditions associated with respiratory disease are readily apparent across socioeconomic lines. Low-income families are less likely to be able to afford the costs of maintaining a home, which prevents them from making repairs that could improve respiratory health.Copyright © ERS 2023.
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Introduction. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still a public health problem even in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the incidence of DHF based on the integration of climatic factors, including rainfall, humidity, air temperature, and duration of sunlight and their distribution. Materials and Methods. This was an ecological time series study with secondary data from the Surabaya City Health Office covering the incidence of DHF and larva-free rate and climate data on rainfall, humidity, air temperature, and duration of sunlight obtained from the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG). Silver station in Surabaya, the distribution of dengue incidence during 2018-2020. Results and Discussion. The results showed that humidity was correlated with the larvae-free rate. Meanwhile, the larva-free rate did not correlate with the number of DHF cases. DHF control is estimated due to the correlation of climatic factors and the incidence of DHF, control of vectors and disease agents, control of transmission media, and exposure to the community. Conclusions. The integration of DHF control can be used for early precautions in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic by control-ling DHF early in the period from January to June in Surabaya. It is concluded that humidity can affect the dengue outbreak and it can be used as an early warning system and travel warning regarding the relative risk of DHF outbreak.Copyright © the Author(s), 2023.
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Within the contemporary state of affairs we all realize the significance of wearing a masks, though we are wear a mask, in some situations we're affected to Covid. In that case our mask is designed in a way which is multilayered and reusable. The primary gain of our masks is that we're setting a breathing sensor (humidity sensor) within the masks so that any sort of respiratory trouble may be detected in a much simpler way with the use of blue tooth. In order too that respiration troubles of human beings may be quarantined and spreading may be stopped at the primary level itself. The ongoing 2nd wave of Covid 19 pandemics has ended in an global scarcity of face mask and the uncooked chemical compounds that move into them, prompting humans to make their personal mask from of regular items. N95/p2 respiration masks are one of the vital components for decreasing the spread of the Covid 19 virus and shielding frontline humans. With the wearable multi layer air cleanser masks our idea is to replace it with homemade masks worn through many and also which are disposable and reusable ones. The layout also makes it viable to wear the unit with no trouble for hours on give up. This might be made light-weight so that users can utilise it with ease. Further survey has been made among a group of people by wearing our mask and their humidity level has been noted thorough the software developed. © 2023 Author(s).
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One of the leading causes of the increase in the intensity of dengue fever transmission is thought to be climate change. Examining panel data from January 2000 to December 2021, this study discovered the nonlinear relationship between climate variables and dengue fever cases in Bangladesh. To determine this relationship, in this study, the monthly total rainfall in different years has been divided into two thresholds: (90 to 360 mm) and (<90 or >360 mm), and the daily average temperature in different months of the different years has been divided into four thresholds: (16degreeC to <=20degreeC), (>20degreeC to <=25degreeC), (>25degreeC to <=28degreeC), and (>28degreeC to <=30degreeC). Then, quasi-Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson regression models were applied to assess the relationship. This study found a positive correlation between temperature and dengue incidence and furthermore discovered that, among those four average temperature thresholds, the total number of dengue cases is maximum if the average temperature falls into the threshold (>28degreeC to <=30degreeC) and minimum if the average temperature falls into the threshold (16degreeC to <=20degreeC). This study also discovered that between the two thresholds of monthly total rainfall, the risk of a dengue fever outbreak is approximately two times higher when the monthly total rainfall falls into the thresholds (90 mm to 360 mm) compared to the other threshold. This study concluded that dengue fever incidence rates would be significantly more affected by climate change in regions with warmer temperatures. The number of dengue cases rises rapidly when the temperature rises in the context of moderate to low rainfall. This study highlights the significance of establishing potential temperature and rainfall thresholds for using risk prediction and public health programs to prevent and control dengue fever.Copyright © 2023 Shamima Hossain.
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Introduction: Miliaria crystallina occurring during neonatal period is one of the differential diagnosis for vesiculopustular lesions in that age group. Congenital miliaria crystallina is a rare condition developing due to various causes. Case Report: An otherwise well, term female neonate born by caesarean section presented with generalised clear fluid filled vesicles over the trunk, upper limbs, face and scalp at birth. Mother was COVID-19 positive with fever and cough for 1 week. Otherwise she had an unremarkable antenatal, sexual history and examination. The vesicles were located on normal looking skin and ruptured easily on rubbing. Palms, soles and mucosae were normal. Tzanck smear from the vesicles showed a few deformed keratinocytes only. Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test in dilution for both mother and child was non-reactive. Baby's RT-PCR came negative. She fared well on follow up, the vesicles started to desquamate on the second day and completely disappeared on the third day. Mother's COVID-19 symptoms also subsided after child birth. A final diagnosis of congenital miliaria crystallina was made based on the characteristics of the vesicles. Discussion(s): Miliaria crystallina is triggered by environmental temperature and humidity. Congenital cases are associated with maternal febrile illnesses. However, there are reports of it occurring in newborns of mothers without fever in whom other factors are involved. This is the first report of congenital miliaria crystallina occurring in a neonate born to a COVID-19 positive mother. Conclusion(s): This case report highlights the importance of recognizing this benign self-limiting condition so as to avoid unnecessary investigations to find an alternative cause.
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The outbreak of the recent Covid-19 pandemic changed many aspects of our daily life, such as the constant wearing of face masks as protection from virus transmission risks. Furthermore, it exposed the healthcare system's fragilities, showing the urgent need to design a more inclusive model that takes into account possible future emergencies, together with population's aging and new severe pathologies. In this framework, face masks can be both a physical barrier against viruses and, at the same time, a telemedical diagnostic tool. In this paper, we propose a low-cost, 3D-printed face mask able to protect the wearer from virus transmission, thanks to internal FFP2 filters, and to monitor the air quality (temperature, humidity, CO2) inside the mask. Acquired data are automatically transmitted to a web terminal, thanks to sensors and electronics embedded in the mask. Our preliminary results encourage more efforts in these regards, towards rapid, inexpensive and smart ways to integrate more sensors into the mask's breathing zone in order to use the patient's breath as a fingerprint for various diseases. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
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Background: The new novel Coronavirus 2019 (nCOV-19 or COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented pandemic in humans. All nations have heightened their surveillances after the quick diagnosis of potential cases of the COVID-19. Objective(s): Recent statistics have mentioned that virus outbreak in tropical countries is relatively low compared to cold nations. To support this conclusion, we considered the six main tropical regions to investigate the pandemic distribution at the initial phase. Method(s): Chi-square test was applied to understand the correlation between outbreak and temperature changes. Significant probability P-value was set to P<0.01. P-values were calculated to both positive and death cases. Result(s): Out of 1211562 infected cases, 41776 cases (3.45%) were registered at hightemperature countries (P<0.0001) and 1161786 cases (96.55%) at other countries like European countries or the USA. Moreover, only 1433 mortality cases (2.2%) happened, and the remaining 97.8% of mortality happened among other nations. Conclusion(s): Similar to other respiratory viruses like flu and influenza, there is a low outbreak of COVID-19 in tropical nations compared to the other countries. Apart from weather conditions, it is also recommended to follow the serious preventive measures imposed by governments to survive this novel epidemic.Copyright © 2020
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Eye discomfort is a major complaint reported in indoor spaces and has been suggested to be exacerbated by environmental conditions such as low humidity and high air velocity. Wearing face masks, which has become essential in our daily lives during the COVID-19 pandemic, can also cause eye discomfort by affecting the microclimate around the eyes. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the effect of wearing masks on eye discomfort by measuring the physical environment around the eyes and short-term physiological and psychological responses and comparing them with and without surgical face masks. The results showed that when the participant wore a mask, exhaled air flowed out through the gap at the top edge of the mask, resulting in a higher air velocity and absolute humidity around the eyes than when the mask was not worn. No significant differences were found in subjective discomfort, tear-film stability, ocular surface temperature or blink frequency. However, the tear evaporation rate, estimated based on physical measurements, was greater when wearing a mask than when not wearing it. This study revealed that wearing face masks can negatively affect the environment around the eyes in terms of tear-film health.
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Airborne transmission is worldwide popular topic with numerous discussion and researches since influenza pandemic could cost the global economy a lot. In this part of research, we mainly focus on the mechanisms of airborne transmission, together with some determinant factors that influence the spread of aerosols like temperature, humidity and particle size. Finally with several existed cases, insisting masks wearing, especially with three-layer masks wearing are necessary in nowadays for efficiently preventing the transmission of airborne diseases up to 90%. Other possible infection control measures like 2m social distancing are also needed as hygiene measures. © 2023 SPIE.
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Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) is spreading rapidly around the world and has become a global pandemic. Meteorological factors have been recognized as one of the critical factors that influence the epidemiology and transmission of infectious diseases. In this context, the World Meteorological Organization and scholars at home and abroad have paid extensive attention to the relationships of environment and meteorology with COVID-19. This paper systematically collected and sorted out relevant domestic and foreign studies, and reviewed the latest research progress on the impact of environmental and meteorological factors on COVID-19, classifying them into typical meteorological factors (such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed), local environmental factors (such as indoor enclosed environment, ventilation, disinfection, and air conditioning), and air pollution. Current research evidence suggests that typical meteorological factors, local environmental factors, and air pollutants are closely related to the transmission of COVID-19. However, the results of different studies are still divergent due to uncertainty about the influencing mechanism, and differences in research areas and methods. This review elucidated the importance of environmental and meteorological factors to the spread of COVID-19, and provided useful implications for the control of further large-scale transmission of COVID-19 and the development of prevention and control strategies under different environmental and meteorological conditions.Copyright © 2022, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. All rights reserved.
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Public libraries are popular gathering places, so understanding the factors that contribute to colony-forming unit (CFU) concentrations and how to minimize them is essential. This study aimed to investigate the factors that affect CFU concentrations in a public library, using air sampling (Bioluminescent ATP-assay) and statistical analysis software (SPSS) to collect and analyze data. The findings indicated that the CFU concentration in the library was significantly influenced by the air quality surrounding the building, the number of library visitors, and the hygiene and health of both visitors and employees. Additionally, indoor temperature and humidity were found to be key factors affecting CFU concentration. These findings suggest the need for better ventilation and air filtration systems, as well as regular cleaning and disinfection in public libraries. Furthermore, research is recommended to investigate other potential factors that may impact indoor air quality in public spaces.
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Intro: Surface and environment disinfection is an important part of infection control strategies, especially in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Ozone, a highly reactive oxidant, is a widely used disinfectant in many industries including food, healthcare and water treatment. It has a broad-spectrum activity and leaves no harmful residues. However, most demonstrated efficacy has been at high ozone levels (>1ppm) which can be harmful to humans in case of exposure. Here, we undertook a study to evaluate if exposure to ozone is effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 and feline coronavirus (FCoV) even at low concentrations. Method(s): Ozone at 0.07, 0.1 and 1.2 ppm were evaluated for its virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 and FCoV. An ozone gas generator (Medklinn Air + Surface Sterilizer (CerafusionTM Technology), Medklinn, Malaysia) supplied controlled levels of ozone to a custom-built chamber of 1.5 ft3 (1.5ft x 1ft x 1ft) where dry virus films containing 1 x 104 PFU of test virus were exposed to ozone gas for 0.5h, 1h, 3h, 5h, and 8h. The experiment was performed at ambient temperature (23-24oC) and relative humidity (RH) of 55% (FCoV only) and 85% (SARS-CoV-2 and FCoV). Finding(s): At low level of ozone of 0.1ppm, >90% reduction of both viruses was achieved after 3h exposure at 85% and 55% humidity. At 1.2ppm, >90% reduction of both viruses was achieved after 0.5h exposure at 85% humidity. Ozone at 0.07ppm, however, did not show good efficacy as reduction not exceeding 90% was achieved only after 8h exposure at 85% and 55% humidity. Conclusion(s): The study demonstrated that low concentration of ozone of at least 0.1 ppm reduced SARS-CoV-2 and FCoV by >90% when used at 85% humidity. The use of low level ozone presents a safer alternative for disinfecting enclosed spaces and greatly reduces any potential harmful health effects in case of accidental exposure.Copyright © 2023
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Background: Clinical studies suggest that warmer climates slow the spread of viral infections. In addition, exposure to cold weakens human immunity. Aim: This study describes the relationship between meteorological indicators, the number of cases, and mortality in patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. Adult patients who presented to the emergency department with confirmed COVID-19 were included in the study. Meteorological data [mean temperature, minimum (min) temperature, maximum (max) temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed] for the city of Istanbul were collected from the Istanbul Meteorology 1st Regional Directorate. Results: The study population consisted of 169,058 patients. The highest number of patients were admitted in December (n = 21,610) and the highest number of deaths (n = 46) occurred in November. In a correlation analysis, a statistically significant, negative correlation was found between the number of COVID-19 patients and mean temperature (rho = -0.734, P < 0.001), max temperature (rho = -0.696, P < 0.001) or min temperature (rho = -0.748, P < 0.001). Besides, the total number of patients correlated significantly and positively with the mean relative humidity (rho = 0.399 and P = 0.012). The correlation analysis also showed a significant negative relationship between the mean, maximum, and min temperatures and the number of deaths and mortality. Conclusion: Our results indicate an increased number of COVID-19 cases during the 39-week study period when the mean, max, and min temperatures were consistently low and the mean relative humidity was consistently high.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Adult , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Meteorological Concepts , Temperature , Retrospective Studies , Cold TemperatureABSTRACT
Objective: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a problem for the health care systems of many countries around the world. Seasonal nature of influenza and other the respiratory viral diseases is commonly known. The nature of the relationship between the frequency of registration of cases of COVID-19 and natural factors is still being studied by researchers. The purpose is to determine the influence of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure on the incidence of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 in the conditions of Ukraine. Materials and methods. Official reports of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and data from daily monitoring of meteorological indicators conducted by the Sumy Regional Hydrometeorology Center were used in the paper. Descriptive and analytical ways of epidemiological method of investigation were applied. The search for parameters of interrelation between the frequency of registration of COVID-19 cases and meteorological cases took place using of program "Statistica", namely the relevant tools of this program: "Analysis"/ "Multiple regression". Results and Discussion: In the period under study from March 25, 2020 to December 31, 2021 in Sumy Oblast of Ukraine, three waves of rise in the incidence were registered. In the third wave of rise in the incidence, in autumn 2021 the frequency of registration of COVID-19 cases reached 1684.9 per 100 thousand of people, despite the fact that almost 70 % of the population had already recovered or were vaccinated. Meteorological factors in the conditions of Ukraine have little influence on the rate of spread of COVID-19. The value of multiple correlation coefficients was within those limits, which are considered moderate in terms of influence. A moderate inverse correlation was established between the frequency of registration of COVID-19 cases and indicators of air temperature, and a direct correlations-with indicators of relative air humidity. Conclusion(s): In the conditions of Ukraine, the studied meteorological factors (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure) indirectly influenced the intensity of the epidemic process of COVID-19. the strength of this influence was either weak or moderate.Copyright © 2023, Ibn Sina Trust. All rights reserved.
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Background: The New Global Economy is represented by a series of major features, such as the use of green energy, the reduction of the carbon footprint in all industrial and civil fields, as well as finding alternative food resources. Our main objective was the research of a sustainable food product with a special nutritional purpose in the vision of nutrivigilance, developed in Romania, as an adjuvant in the repair of gastric mucosa. Methods: The materials used in the research and development of the new food are the following: inulin, lactoferrin, sericin, and sodium bicarbonate. The new adjuvant food product in the repair of the gastric mucosa was added to certain foods in order to prevent the patients from being satiated by a single food from a sensory point of view. The resulting food products were organoleptically and physico-chemically analyzed. Results: The new food is sustainable and has versatile uses. It can be hydrated with water, non-carbonated drinks, mixed with cottage cheese, or with fruit puree and oatmeal. It is stable under normal storage conditions and microbiologically safe. Conclusions: Through its versatile use, the new food product for special nutritional conditions represents a worldwide novelty. Through the development of forestry for the cultivation of white or black mulberry (Morus alba and Morus nigra), the raising of silkworms (Bombyx mori), the processing of fibroin to obtain natural silk and the processing of sericin resulting as a residue in the textile industry, the new food product developed actively contribute to the global economy II.
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BACKGROUND: Evidence is limited regarding the association between meteorological factors and COVID-19 transmission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the independent and interactive effects of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the spread of COVID-19 in LMICs. METHODS: We collected daily data on COVID-19 confirmed cases, meteorological factors and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in 2143 city- and district-level sites from 6 LMICs during 2020. We applied a time-stratified case-crossover design with distributed lag nonlinear model to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of meteorological factors on COVID-19 transmission after controlling NPIs. We generated an overall estimate through pooling site-specific relative risks (RR) using a multivariate meta-regression model. RESULTS: There was a positive, non-linear, association between temperature and COVID-19 confirmed cases in all study sites, while RH and UV showed negative non-linear associations. RR of the 90th percentile temperature (28.1 °C) was 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.28] compared with the 50th percentile temperature (24.4 °C). RR of the10th percentile UV was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.54). High temperature and high RH were associated with increased risks in temperate climate but decreased risks in tropical climate, while UV exhibited a consistent, negative association across climate zones. Temperature, RH, and UV interacted to affect COVID-19 transmission. Temperature and RH also showed higher risks in low NPIs sites. CONCLUSION: Temperature, RH, and UV appeared to independently and interactively affect the transmission of COVID-19 in LMICs but such associations varied with climate zones. Our results suggest that more attention should be paid to meteorological variation when the transmission of COVID-19 is still rampant in LMICs.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cross-Over Studies , Developing Countries , Temperature , Meteorological Concepts , Humidity , Tropical Climate , ChinaABSTRACT
To assess the risk factors causative of ROCM post COVID-19. To determine the clinical manifestations, causative factors leading to surge in ROCM & factors contributing to poor prognosis in ROCM cases occurring in Western Rajasthan post COVID-19. In a Retrospective observational study, 56 post COVID-19 ROCM patients were analyzed from 'May-June 2021' at M.D.M. Hospital, Jodhpur. All patients after onset of disease were assessed as per selection criteria, included patients were examined for risk factors and clinical manifestations & then were statistically evaluated. Median age was 53 years with male to female ratio 2.7:1. Uncontrolled diabetes was noted in at least 85% patients. Steroid use was seen in 66%. Other major contributing factor to ROCM was the occupation; Out of 56 patients 69% were FARMERS.72% had no history of COVID-19 vaccination. Only 3% had no underlying disease. Overall mortality rate was 16% .2 determinants were associated with poor prognosis: higher HbA1c-Out of 7 cases of orbital exenteration, 6 (85%) had HbA1c > 12. 36% took immoderate amounts of Steam inhalation. Maxillary sinuses were the most involved sites (94%). Orbital involvement was seen in 33 and 12% were PL negative. Palatal involvement & intracranial involvement were seen in 14% and 7% respectively. Bilateral disease was seen in 28%. Uncontrolled DM & Humid working conditions came out to be the main predisposing factors for ROCM. Facial pain is considered to be the most common presenting complain. Maxillary sinus is the most involved site.
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Flexible humidity sensors with high sensitivity, fast response time, and outstanding reliability have the potential to revolutionize electronic skin, healthcare, and non-contact sensing. In this study, we employed a straightforward nanocluster deposition technique to fabricate a resistive humidity sensor on a flexible substrate, using molybdenum oxide nanoparticles (MoOx NPs). We systematically evaluated the humidity-sensing behaviors of the MoOx NP film-based sensor and found that it exhibited exceptional sensing capabilities. Specifically, the sensor demonstrated high sensitivity (18.2 near zero humidity), a fast response/recovery time (1.7/2.2 s), and a wide relative humidity (RH) detection range (0-95%). The MoOx NP film, with its closely spaced granular nanostructure and high NP packing density, exhibited insensitivity to mechanical deformation, small hysteresis, good repeatability, and excellent stability. We also observed that the device exhibited distinct sensing kinetics in the range of high and low RH. Specifically, for RH > 43%, the response time showed a linear prolongation with increased RH. This behavior was attributed to two factors: the higher physical adsorption energy of H2O molecules and a multilayer physical adsorption process. In terms of applications, our sensor can be easily attached to a mask and has the potential to monitor human respiration owing to its high sensing performance. Additionally, the sensor was capable of dynamically tracking RH changes surrounding human skin, enabling a non-contact sensing capability. More significantly, we tested an integrated sensor array for its ability to detect moisture distribution in the external environment, demonstrating the potential of our sensor for contactless human-machine interaction. We believe that this innovation is particularly valuable during the COVID-19 epidemic, where cross-infection may be averted by the extensive use of contactless sensing. Overall, our findings demonstrate the tremendous potential of MoOx NP-based humidity sensors for a variety of applications, including healthcare, electronic skin, and non-contact sensing.
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Molnupiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral is an isopropyl ester prodrug of beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine. Molnupiravir targets RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase enzyme of the viruses. A new stability-indicating HPLC-method was developed to determine related substances and assay of molnupiravir. Separation was achieved by using Shim-pack GWS C18 column. The method was validated according to current ICH requirements. The calibration plot gave a linear relationship for all known analytes over the concentration range from LOQ to 200%. LOD and LOQ for all known analytes were found in 0.05-0.08 microg mL-1 and 0.12-0.20 microg mL-1, respectively, the mean recovery was found to be 97.79-102.44 %. Study showed that the method, results of robustness, solution stability studies are precise and within the acceptable limits. Molnupiravir was found to degrade in acid, alkali, and oxidative conditions, and was stable in thermal, moisture, and photolytic degradation condition. The method is simple, accurate, precise, and reproducible for routine purity analysis of drug-samples.Copyright © 2022 Indian Drug Manufacturers' Association. All rights reserved.
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High hygiene standards were established during the COVID-19 epidemic, and their adherence was closely monitored. They included the need to regularly wash one's hands and the requirement to cover person's upper airways or keep at least a two-meter space between individuals. The ITS (Information Technology Systems) community made a big contribution to this by developing methods and applications for the ongoing observation of people and the environment. Our major objective was to create a low-cost, straightforward system for tracking and assessing the danger of spreading COVID-19 in a space.The proposed system collects data from various low-cost environmental sensors such as temperature, humidity, CO2, the number of people, the dynamics of speech, and the cleanliness of the environment with a significant connection to elements of wearable electronics and then evaluate the level of contamination and possible risks and, in the event of a high level of risk, alerts the person to take actions that can reduce or eliminate favourable conditions for the spread of the virus. The system was created at the Laboratory of industrial control systems of the University of Žilina, Slovakia. The experiment demonstrates the ability and feasibility to control the number of people in a space depending on particular symptoms like fever, coughing, and hand hygiene. On the other hand, the laboratory's temperature, humidity, and air quality should be controlled to reduce the spread of illness.